Including all these perspectives would have blown up the book beyond manageable proportions and far beyond the expertise of the author. As one might guess from that title, there are no arguments for a derivational theory as opposed to a constraintbased theory, nor in favor of lexical phonology over other rulebased approaches. Paul kiparsky stanford university labov begins his landmark principles of linguistic change with a volume on internal factors governing sound change labov 1994 that focuses on the constraints problem weinreich, labov, and herzog 1968. Jun 02, 2002 the history of lexical phonology is further explored in ch. The domains of both morphological and phonological rules within the lexicon are subdivided into strata which define both the type of morphological process.
The minimalist program the minimalist program is an effort to discover the degree to which the human language faculty is determined by sensorimotor and conceptualintentional interface conditions together with. Paul kiparskys paper 1982 from cyclic to lexical phonology is the most interesting recent development in the line of research originated by kiparsky 1973 and mascaro 1976. Section 2 addresses the what of learning the lexicon and section 3 concerns how lexical items are stored and learned. Phonemics phonology and phonetics some basic definitions. The major task in this research is the investigation of the ways in which rules apply to phonological structures. In short, the book also constitutes an attempt to constrain the theory of lexical phonology, and to demonstrate that the resulting model can provide an illuminating analysis of problematic aspects of the synchronic phonology of modern.
Perspectives on english historical linguistics, amsterdam. The chapters structure therefore follows two main themes suggested by gregg 1996 for any theory of sla. This thesis examines some issues of english phonology and of lexical phonology. This book investigates certain tonal problems within the framework of lexical phonology. The theory takes its name from its utilization of the relation of dependency. The selection first underscores the simultaneity of morphological and prosodic structure, modeling the phonology morphology interface, and deriving cyclicity.
It used to be only the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics, but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word including syllable, onset and. If you require structure building to precede all movement processes, youre in some sense. Merge is the only operation of narrow syntax, and the derivational rhythm of spellout is exploited by the interfaces if merge is truly symmetrical and featureblind wildtype merge or merge. Mp aims to achieve both of the major original goals that chomsky set for a theory of language in aspects of the theory of syntax. Merge is more useful as a structure building operation than traditional phrase structure rules or xbar theory, because unlike the latter, it can freely intersperse with movement. Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in spoken languages and signs in sign languages. It is a theory of rules, because it claims that rules are universally of three types. Lexical and postlexical phonology in optimality theory. According to the interactionist view of lexical phonology, the.
Its original statement antedated much of the work in other branches of nonlinear phonology. Interaction of phonology and morphology in maltese and. The merger of the square and nurse lexical sets to the nurse value. The phonetics and phonology of korean prosody ohio state university. All phonology occurs in a single postsyntactic module. Studies in lexical phonology focuses on studies done on lexical phonology, including methods, techniques, and approaches involved in the field. The lexicon, moreover, may itself be organised into a hierarchy of levels, each constituting a quasiautonomous morphological and phonological domain. This recursive property of merge has been claimed to be a fundamental characteristic that distinguishes language from other cognitive faculties. Lexical phonology and morphology trisyllabic shortening. In particular, it deals with the relationship among phonology, morphology, and the lexicon.
Toni jean borowsky, university of massachusetts amherst. Lexical semantics an overview sciencedirect topics. Analyzing english grammar california state university. Lexical phonology and the lexicon rutgers optimality archive. To what extent do biological factorssuch as a maturational brain. Lexical phonology was developed in the early 1980s by k. Lexical phonology and morphology dynamic view 1 lexical phonology is extremely derivational.
In its most minimal form, computations are done by a single operation, merge. Mergers, nearmergers and phonological interpretation uni due. Lexical phonology is a theory about the organization of grammar. University of pennsylvania working papers in linguistics. The theory of lexical phonology is one part of the study of linguistics which passes through several conceptions since the 1950s. Given the architecture of generative phonology, which distinguishes between underlying lexical forms and surface forms, and given the. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Optimality theory confronts these issues directly, designing its basic architecture to deal with them. Halle and mohanan 1985 propose the theory of lexical phonology to. Prelexical processes do not confuse with lexical and postlexical phonology. Lexical phonology is what you could also call phonology on word level. Also, an introduction to lexical semantics is not the same as. Thus far we have talked about phonological mergers affecting phonemes in geordie.
The former, the rules of lexical phonology, are intrinsically cyclic because. Lexical phonology is an approach to phonology that accounts for the interactions of morphology and phonology in the word building process. Other theories, such as lexical phonology mohanan 1986, et. A prelexical process is one that occurs before matching to lexical representations. In this paper i propose to investigate some consequences of this third kind of modularisation, the approach which has come to be known as lexical phonology. Introduction the theory of lexical phonology lp seeks to explain the interrelationships between morphology and phonology by allocating some of the phonological processes to the dictionary or lexicon in. The units of analysis in lexical semantics are lexical units which include not only words but also subwords or subunits such as affixes and even compound words and phrases. The theory of lexical phonology stefanie udema term paper american studies linguistics. This has increased the degree of apparent similarityat the level of pure computationbetween syntax and phonology. The basic formal element of the theory is the constraint. The history of lexical phonology is further explored in ch. A listener will recognise a word more quickly when a related word is given i.
The way rules interact with the principles of the theory to produce different outputs at different points in the grammar is investigated. The theory of lexical phonology k p mohanan springer. On the theory of lexical phonology 5 makeup of a word or exception features associated with particular lexical entries. Lexical morphemes and functional grammatical morphemes duration. Lexical ized not subject to exceptionless phonological processes, i. The concept of lexical priming in the context of language use1. One of the ideas of the theory of lexical phonology is that this idea is essentially correct. Ill give a few examples in dutch, because thats how ive been taught them, and i cant come up with an english example for now. Introduction except for a brief period in the late 1970s and early 1980s, tone has generally fallen outside the central concerns of theoretical phonology. Readings the lexicon and its features linguistics and.
Its basic claim is that all morphological processes, and many phonological ones, are carried out in the lexicon. Labov, sound change, and phonological theory stanford university. Lexical phonology and the rebirth of the phoneme paul kroeger 9may90 in the past 15 years or so, a number of traditional concepts have been reintroduced into current phonological theory. It consists of ordered levels, which are the domain for certain phonological or morphological processes. Lexical semantics also known as lexicosemantics, is a subfield of linguistic semantics. In this variety, the vowel in the goose lexical set is. A postlexical process is one that occurs after lexical access or at least after candidates for lexical access have been identi. A particularly revealing quotation in this regard comes from kiparsky 1982 in a discussion of what it means for lexical rules to apply. Lexical meaning the ideal introduction for students of semantics, lexical meaning. Merge also has the property of recursion in that it may apply to its own output.
Merge usually capitalized is one of the basic operations in the minimalist program, a leading approach to generative syntax, when two syntactic objects are combined to form a new syntactic unit a set. Mohanan and first introduced in monographs appearing in the early 1980s kiparsky 1982a, b. Probably the two most fundamental questions addressed by lexical semanticists are. Generated by merge 18 meaning is easy to pick up by example.
These rules combine morphemes to form new words and are also called morphological rules. Aspects of the theory of syntax, noam chomsky suggested that the. Why is internal merge possible at all in a theory that. In spite of this importance, it has not always been focus of mainstream second language acquisition research. Lexical semantics is the branch of linguistics which is concerned with the systematic study of word meanings. Within approaches that assume one single computational engineone syntax. Topics in the lexical phonology of english by toni jean.
In dm the distinction between two types of phonology lexical and postlexical is abandoned. Near merger is found at the level of the lexicon or the morphology and is. The theory of lexical phonology stefanie udema hausarbeit amerikanistik linguistik. It used to be only the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages, but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word or at all levels of language where sound or signs are structured to convey linguistic meaning. Lexicalized not subject to exceptionless phonological processes, i. Studies in lexical phonology, volume 4 1st edition. This theory can be seen as an explanation of why collocations exist.
The chapter explains how the theory models lexical restrictions, grammatical categories, aktionsart, and argument structure and discusses the rules of spellout and the role of features. The recent literature features three approaches which focus squarely on the morphology phonology interface. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. The structure to which the semantic interface rules apply contains no uninterpretable. The lexicon plays a central, productive role in the theory. In lexical phonology, the phonological rules are divided into two types. The postlexical phonological stratum posited in lexical phonology and stratal. Lexical phonology is a theory of rules and derivations. The theory of lexical phonology, which forms one of the themes of this volume, was developed by paul kiparsky and k. In general, merge satisfies the selectional properties of lexical items. Universal properties and typology of morphological categories.
This section summariz es some of these contributions to the theory. The theory of lexical phonology publish your masters. Project muse lexical phonology and the history of english. If the lexicon is subject to phonological rules or constraints, as lexical phonology and stratal ot claims, then lexical representations of individual items could be regularized to conform to. We think that the articles collected in this volume on issues in english phonology show, for many reasons, that english is still well worth investigating, just as it always has been, and we explain how this is so in this piece. In chomskys system, merge takes two syntactic objects a and b and forms a compound l, a, b, where l is its label, determined by which of a and b projects. If y isnt in the lexicon, then a lexical rule cant see it whatever that might mean. Other topics in recent years have been metrical phonology 2003, and metrics 2004. Why is internal merge possible at all in a theory that rests on economy and strict cyclicity. Lexical units make up the catalogue of words in a language, the lexicon. This is an annotated transcription of noam chomskys keynote presentation at the university of reading, in may 2017. What is a lexical phonology sil glossary of linguistic terms. Let us compare flapping to a prototypical lexical rule of english phonology, trisyllabic shortening tss. Recognition of the lexical nature of lexical phonology has filtered into mainstream generative phonology via the theory of lexical phonology kiparsky 1982, 1985, halle and mohanan 1985, mohanan 19821986.
Evidence from japanese article pdf available january 2002 with 209 reads how we measure reads. Iii lexicalized not subject to exceptionless phonological processes, i. There will be some crossover to phonology, but the main focus will be on the interpretative interface. Trisyllabic shortening has lexical exceptions, it doesnt look across wordboundaries, and it seems to be a markedness statement for nonderived forms. It is a theory of derivations, because it claims that the way in which the derivation is organized is. Lexical phonology marc van oostendorp december 6, 2005 background until now, we have presented phonological theory as if it is a monolithic unit. Dependency phonology is a theory of the representation of phonological segments and sequences. Corpus linguistics works as a way of analysing language. Although feature theory is an integral part of chomskys overall theory stated within the minimalist program, there is nothing inherent in the theory itself which should prevent it.
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